Political History
Political history is the issue for which we can talk and write many things. Balkan was very sensitive area in the past and also today. Balkan was succumbing to political influences from the Balkan’s countries and also from the biggest capitalistic Europe’s countries and USA. Many different political views were in conflict. The results of the conflicts and differences on political level are many wars on the Balkan. Because of that Balkan is known as “ powder keg”. In any time Balkan can explode and the consequences of will be catastrophical. In the past the greatest part of the Balkan was under the Ottoman dominance. We are witnesses of bloody war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and SFRJugoslavia. Many facts tell us that Balkan was and still is political unstable area in which the main words have the countries out of Balkan borders..
Markovski Nikolce 16 year
SSMS " D-R Jovan Kalauzi"
Bitola
The history of the Balkan is very interesting if we look of accepts of politic. In this text I will write for history from XIX and XX century. In the start of XIX century all Balkan countries were under foreign power. South Slovenes people: Macedonians, Serbians and Montenegrins were under Turkish power, while Croatians and Slovenians lived in composition of Hapsburgs Monarchy. Other Balkan countries, which were under Turkish power, are: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece and Albania.
In XIX century Turkish Empire started to survive big inside, political economic crisis. At Balkans people appeared national conscience for delivery from foreign power and for create national state. Big European states, Great Britain, France, Russia and Austro-Hungary had strong political and economic influence of Turkish Empire and tried from him to take some parts. On that way Balkan people will change the foreign power. The best example for that is Macedonia. In 1912 is made Balkan Union between Greece, Montenegro, Serbia and Bulgaria who had four purposes to delivery from Turks. Than in October 1912 Montenegro proclaim war to Turkey known as First Balkan war. This war was successful for Union. In the war took part and Macedonians but after the end of the war Macedonia was divided between Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and small part to Albania. With that Macedonia changed the power. In all divided parts of Macedonia was made nationalization and assimilation. Macedonians couldn’t speak Macedonian. The First World War didn’t change anything. Later with made of kingdom of SCS (Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian) the Vardar part was in the kingdom, which later changed name as Yugoslavia and Egej part and Pirin part stayed in Greece and Bulgaria. In composition of this kingdom were and Bosnian and Montenegrin but and they like Macedonia had not rules. So from Balkan people just Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian were conscience from Turkey and the other changed the power. Until the Second World War this case stayed that. With the start of the Second World War and attack of Yugoslavia from Germany, South Slovenes were against Fascism. After the end of the Second World War all South Slovenes succeeded to make their own states. So with end of Second World War on the Balkan made new states and states who was made before the Second World War. They are: Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia in which composition were Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, which had equality. In 1991 Macedonia, Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina separated from Yugoslavia.
Spasovski Aleksandar 3-rd class
DEMAU “Goso Vikentiev”-Kocani
Republic of Macedonia
Macedonia is one of the oldest countries on the Balkan. It has roots of over 3000 years from the time of Alexander the Great. It has a great political history. Macedonia takes place in the centre of the Balkan. Macedonia connects West Europe with the Medeteraian. The main roads like “Via Egnacija” where passing true Macedonia. That is why Macedonian people where always in war conditions, and always in battle with our neighbours or distance country.
At first the name Macedonia was mention at the time of Alexander the Great. He made Macedonia to be one of the greatest countries in the planet. He conquers over a half of planet earth. He was great leader, intelligent and an excellent solider. At the age of 33 he conquer Balkan, Asia, Arabia. He died in 323 B.C. from malaria. Than Macedonia was taken by other countries.
After Alexander, another great king was Samoil. At first Samoil, David, Aron and Mojsej, succeed to get freedom for a part of Macedonia. Than two of his brother died, David died in a battle and Mojsej was murder by nomads. Than he fight for the kingdom with his brother Aron. He killed his brother in the fight, and gets the entire kingdom. He declares himself as a king of Macedonia. He made Macedonia to be one of the greatest kingdoms on the Balkan. All his life Mojsej fight with Darij II who was Vizantion ruler. Mojsej died from heart attack when he saw his 15000 soldiers blinded. Than Macedonia was captured by Vizantion.
Than next Macedonian rulers were two brothers, Volkasin and Uglesa. They made Macedonia to be unrepentant again, small but independent. Than in 1371 at the river Marica lost their homeland in a battle with the Turkish people. Than Macedonia fell in 500 years old slavery.
After 500 years there were the Balkan wars. Macedonians were fighting for Serbians, expecting that they will get independence for Macedonia, but they did not. Serbians use them to get free from Turkish and to rule Macedonia. In the second Balkan war Macedonian people didn’t take place. Than Macedonia fell apart. Bulgaria took one part, and Greece took another. Serbia took the part where Macedonia is situated now (or the kingdom SXS like it was called than).
After 25 years Second World War started. Germany captured Macedonia and all the Balkan states. Our people were fighting for their one state were they can speak Macedonian, to be free. Than on 2 of August 1944 at the church of st. Prohor Pcinski they got it. Macedonia was declared like country where every Macedonian can speak; write on their own language. They got their freedom after 600 years of slavery. And they decided Macedonia to be with other Yugoslavian countries.
After fell of Yugoslavia, today Macedonia is free independent country.
Tasevski Mirce 3-rd class
“Goso Vikentiev” -Kocani
Republic of Macedonia
Republic of Macedonia is located in the middle part of
Balkan Peninsula. Macedonia is a crossroad of three
continents Europe , Asia and Africa.Republic of
Macedonia is spread over 25 713 km2 of surface.
In relation with events in the world and on Balkan at
the end of the XX century, a great number of social
and economic changes were made and they included the
desintegration of socialistic federative countries and
their separation and as a result formation of a new
national and independent countries.
First democratic parlament had been elected in 1990 as
a unique house with 120 elected members of Parliament.
On this election 17 parties took part , but only 11 of
them entered.
In the first Parliment of Republic of Macedonia
VMRO-DPMNE won largest number of places in the
Parlaiment.
On 25 January 1991 the Parliament of Republic of
Maedonia anonimosly adopt the Declaration of
independace of R.M.
Majority of population exactly 95% of inhabitance on 8
september 1991 voted on a Referendum for souvereign
and independant Macedonia.
Howeever since 17 september 1997 when the Parliament
of R.M. accept the Declaration for agrement of the
results of the function as a independent state
outsideof the borders of former SFRJ.
Parliament of R.M. on 26 april 1992 adopt a low of
monetary independence and induced macedonian denar
instead of old Yougoslav dinar.
On 27 July 1992 in Skopje and every Europe and
overseas countries an Macedonian protest was held
against Lisabon's Declaration where the name of our
country was defined.
R.M. was unaniosly accepted in UN organization under
temporary name FYROM on 8 april 1993 as a 181 member.
First presidental and second parliamentary elections
were held on 16 October 1994. Kiro Gligorov won on
presindential election on 20 October 1994 acording the
results of this election.
VMRO-DPMNE , MAAK and Democratic party of oposition on
24 october 1994 made a iniciative and call the voters
to boicot the electoins.
Acording the results of second election time , the
most places in Parliament won Union of Macedonia -
SDS, Liberal and Socialistic party.
Results of a inventary of an estate in 1994 showed
that in Macedonia live 1 925 011 habitants.1 288 330
are Macedonian , 434 033 Albanian , 74 267 Turkeys ,
43 732 Gypsy , 39 260 Serbs , 8 467 Romanian , and 34
400 habitants of other nacionalities.
Third parlamentary elections were held in 1998 on wich
Koalition VMRO-DPMNE , Democratic Alternative and
Democratic party of Albanians won the election.
In november 1999 on presidential election we had two
candidats Tito Petkovski and Boris Trajkovski.Boris
Trajkovski by the votes of people won thw presidential
election.
Manasijevska Kristina
II a dentist technician
D.S.M.U. "D-r Pance Karagjozov"- Skopje
Macedonia from 1395 to 1913 was under command of Ottoman Empire.After
liberation of the Ottoman Empire Macedonia was separated between
Serbia,Greece,Bulgaria and Albania.On 2 august 1944 after 'The first meeting
of ASNOM'(antifascist assembly for people liberation of Macedonia)was the
creation of macedonian state.The president of Macedonia was Metodia
Andonov-Chento who was also president of ASNOM.
Macedonia was accepted in People's Federative Yugoslav Republic.After
the death of Josip Broz Tito the creator of ex Yugoslavia the separation was
knocking on the door.Macedonia separated from Socialistic
Federative Yugoslav Republic on 8 september 1991.We were example for the
other countries of separation from SFRJ on peacefull way.After proclamation
of independence in Macedonia entered democratic system.Republic of Macedonia
was accepted in UN on 8 april 1993 as a 181 member.
Dimitar Trajkoski second year 16
DSEMU"Gorgi Naumov"-Bitola Macedonia
The Struggle for Church Autonomy
Like all other churches and societies, the Macedonian Orthodox Church is a product of history. The Macedonian people emerged from the group of Slavs and became a separate whole following their settlement in Macedonian. Thus the Macedonian Church and Macedonian Orthodox Christian culture were formed and developed on the territory of Macedonia.Unfortunately, at the decisive period for the establishment of a distinct Macedonian Orthodox community a large number of political and territorial changes in the Balkans occurred which were reflected in the development of the Macedonian Orthodox Church and culture under the Macedonian national name. Following the abolition of the Archbishopric of Ohrid and in the next two centuries (18th and 19th), the Churches of the peoples whose states had established political authority in Macedonian enjoyed greatest influence. In the period after the abolition of the Archbishopric of Ohrid (1767), the Macedonian eparchies were annexed to the Greek Patriarchal of Constantinople. Until the Balkan Wars (1912/1913) the Macedonian people found itself in an extremely difficult situation with regard to its independent historical development because it had had no mediaeval state and church of its own with the attribute ‘Macedonian’. Having no feudal class or bourgeoisie of its own, the Macedonian people directed its struggle towards the independence of the church and education.Following the First World War, the situation with the church in Macedonian remained unchanged. The Greek authorities in the Aegean part of Macedonian treated the Macedonian people with extreme hatred and cruelty. Bulgarian conducted a similar policy towards that part of the Macedonian people in the Pirin section of Macedonian. After the establishment of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918, the Serbian Orthodox Church, with the blessing of the Serbian Karaqorqevic dynasty and in agreemen
t with the Constantinople Patriarchal, annexed the Macedonian eparchies of the Vardar part of the Macedonia.
Political history
The political history of R.Macedonia began even in the bordess of the Turkish Empire.The first Macedonian political organisation who fought for free and independent
Macedonia was VMRO. VMRO received massive support, especially at the end of the 19tu and the beginning of the 20tu centuru.Best indicator for tuat was til Ilinden Uprsing.
According to some of our historians, at the end of 1893 , Solun, this organisation was founded under the name of Bulgaian Macedonian Odrin Commitet next year , an article
was addopten by the organisation which stated that every ' Bulgarian can become a member
In 1896 the name of this organisation was changed into TMORO ( Secret Macedonion
Odrin revolutionary organisation) and the new constitution includet all those dissatisfied
people in Macedonia and Odrin regardless of nationality. The goal remained the same :
autonomy for Macedonia and Odrin ( Trakija ) in the borderss of the Turjich Empire.
Previousli, in 1895, in Sofija, The bulgarian goverrment founded the " Supreme Masedonian – Odrin committee" with the same goal. The conection and cooperation between those two organisations was very close. At thimes, few conflicts occurred, but in respe
ct to the main goals, they were of no essence.
The nome SMORO was retained until the Congres in Ril in 1905. Then, the word " secret" vas replaced with " internal " and now the new name of the organisation stated IMORO ( Internal Macedonian – Odrin Revolutionry Organisation ).
This name was retained until the end of WWI. In 1919, in Pirin Macedonia ( Bulgaria ), Todor Alexandrov restored the Organisation, but the name suttered chenges IMRO "VMRO" Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation in this time was no reference to
the " Bulgarions in Odrin ( Trakia ).
student: Petar Ristovski
mentor: Borka Ilievska
SCCS" Zdravko Cvetkovski" Skopje
“GEMIGIITE”
This subject “ POLITICAL HISTORY” remanded me of something
that happened in the past, especially in the beginning of XX
century, when Macedonia was under Turkish command. Those were
black days for Macedonian people, who were trying to find exit
from this situation, asking the question about Macedonia around
Europe. In 1903 in Solun is founded an organization, by Macedonian
intellectuals from this town, who were called under the name
“GEMIGII”.
They were trying to put a “dynamite attentionw “ in capitalistic
objects, directed by one goal, and that is: European public
to get interested about Macedonian question. Members of this
group are all Macedonians at age between 18-22, and this group
has a number of 15 members. The most imported members of this
organization were: Jordan pop Jordanov, Kostadin Kirkov, Vladimir
Pingov, Georgi Bogdanov, Milan Arsov all from Veles, Pavel Satev
from Kratovo, Marko Bosnjakov from Ohrid and Cvetko Trajkov
from Resen. When all was ready and after the help that was received
from Macedonian Secret Revolutionary Comity, they will have
their first action at 28 April 1903,over the French boat “GVADALKIVIR”.
The second bigger action they will make the next day, over”
BANK OTOMAN” in Solun. They done another atentats like: the
bombs that will throw in “Bosnjak-an “, “Alhambra “the famous
garden in Solun and in the train” Jonsion”.
Ratajkovski Dime
DUSO “Braka Miladinovci”
Skopje, Macedonia
Political history of Macedonia
Macedonia is a republic having a parliamentary democracy and a political system with a strict division into legislative, executive and judicial branches. From 1945 Macedonia had been a sovereign republic within federal Yugoslavia and on September 8, 1991, following the referendum of its citizens, Macedonia was proclaimed a sovereign and independent state.
Macedonia is divided territorially and politically into 34 municipalities. Economic and demographic movements have created some 200 urban inits. The new law on territorial and political organization envisages the establishment of about 90 new municipalities. The country has 1,753 settlements. In 1993 there were 1660 local communities.
The Republic of Macedonia has been a member of the United Nations since April 8, 1993. It was admitted as the Organization's 181st member; however, as a successor to the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, it has the status of one of the UN founders.
The first multi-party elections of Representatives to the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia were held between November 11 and December 23, 1990. Seventeen political parties and 43 independent candidates took part. From the total number of 1,157 candidates, 120 Representatives were elected to the Republic's Assembly.
The first multi - party Assembly of Macedonia was officially constituted on January 8,1991. The Assembly works in sessions which are open to the public.
The President of the Republic is elected at general and direct elections, by secret ballot, for a term of five years. A person may be elected President of the Republic twice at most. The President of the Republic must be a citizen of the Republic of Macedonia and be over the age of 40 on the day of election. A Presidential candidate can be nominated by a minimum of 10,000 voters or at least 30 Representatives, and can be elected President if he/she wins the majority of votes of the total number of voters.
ILINDEN REBELLION
The position of the Macedonian people under Ottoman's authority was very difficult. Because of that in Solun from 2-4 January 1903 was convoked the Solun congress. After many different understandings the Congress came to decision to raise a rebellion in t
he spring 1903. Later in Bitola's revolution circle were made many preparations for the fight like as: collecting the food, medicaments, weapon etc. At 26 July 1903 on the peak Pobedonosec , under the village Smilevo was decided to start the rebellion at
2 august when the Macedonian people celebrate the religious holiday- called Ilinden. It was organized to start the rebellion with organized attack on 2 august 1903 in Krusevo. The rebellion forces for short time released big number of the Macedonian villa
ges and three cities - Krusevo, Klisura and Neveska, where they took the authority. In the rebellion were participated people of every nationality from Macedonia- especially Armani.
The highest attainment of Ilinden rebellion was Krusevo republic guided by Nikola Karev. Turkish army was not in situation to confront with the rebels so they concentrated their army for defense. In this period there were many free territories, but at the
same time the rebels make the preparations for defending the territory in any case.
KITANOVSKA GABRIELA
DSMU" D-R JOVAN KALAUZI"
BITOLA
MACEDONIA
THE SAMUIL KINGDOM
AT 898 YEAR ON THE TERRITORY OF REPUBLIC MACEDONIA WAS DECLARED THE SAMUIL KINGDOM. AT THE BEGINNING IT WAS ON THE SMALLER SURFACE, BUT LATER WHEN THE SAMUIL'S ARMY GREW UP STRONGER, THE KINGDOM WAS TERRITORIAL BIGGER AND IT COVERED BIGGER PART OF BALKAN
PENINSULA. THE TERRITORY WAS ORGANIZED POLITICAL AND ECONOMICAL AND FOR SHORT TIME THE SAMUIL KINGDOM BECAME ONE OF THE BIGGEST AND THE MOST RICH COUNTRIES. THE METROPOLIS IS FOUND IN PRESPA (OHRID WHERE WE CAN FIND THE REMAINS OF THE SAMUIL'S CASTLE). B
UT THE KING SAMUIL HAD MANY ENEMIES. THE BIGGEST ENEMY WAS VASILIJ II (THE LIDER OF THE VIZANTIA' S ARMY) WHO HAD TERRITORIAL PRETENSIONS TO SAMUIL KINGDOM. BECAUSE OF THAT VASILIJ II ORGANIZED AN ATTACK. DURING THIS FIGHT MANY OF THE SAMUIL'S SOLDIERS WE
RE KILLED, AND MANY OF THEM WERE CAPTURED. THE MOST TRAGIC THING IS THAT TO THE CAPTIVES SOLDIERS THEIR EYES WERE PULL OUT. WHEN THE KING SAMUIL SAW THIS TRAGIC IMAGE HE DIED. AFTER HIS DEATH SAMUIL KINGDOM SURVIVED A FEW YEARS, AND AFTER THAT VIZANTY IMP
ERY TAKE IT. TODAY THERE ARE THE REAMAINS OF THE SAMUIL TOWER, AND ALSO OTHER HISTORICAL TREASURES WHICH IS TELLING US ABOUT SAMUIL'S POWER AND HIS ARMY.
MALESKA ALEKSANDRA
DSMU " D- R JOVAN KALAUZI"
BITOLA
MACEDONIA
